Food and culcture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Food and culcture - Essay Example 6). What it says is food has got major role in making people feel more attached. Older people say that if all members of the family eat food together at any time, whether it is in the morning or afternoon or at the time of dinner then it will provide more happiness in the family. Food has got such power. Food is most important to all human beings in order to live. The importance of food is great in certain celebrations such as marriage, birthday etc. In a society food can be used as a source for increasing the relationship with others. It can be made through exchanging food by the individuals. For example, it can be the neighbors sharing their food. This kind of activity will enrich the human relationship. Food has got important role in spiritual activities. Some people believe that offerings of some kinds of food to God will bring happiness to their life. Analyzing the relationship between food and culture, one can find that they are closely interrelated. Cultural significance of food and eating is based on social values, meaning and beliefs than the dietary necessities and nutritional standards. There exist a lot of examples and regularities for the selection of food. The eating practices are not a matter of physical needs. People eat in a particular social structured mode and there are distinct ideas about good and bad table behavior, correct and incorrect habits to present dishes and the importance of having a clear cut idea about the aptness of food for different functions. These way foods express the cultural significance, the social rank, traditions and also prosperity. Leach opines, â€Å"Food is an especially appropriate â€Å"mediator† because, when we eat, we establish, in a literal sense, a direct identity between ourselves (culture) and our food (nature).† (Fishburn, p. 57). Food is a significant element of

Economic progress in Russia in the years 1981-1982 Essay Example for Free

Economic progress in Russia in the years 1981-1982 Essay Despite frequent changes in policy, Russian and Soviet governments were spectacularly unsuccessful in securing sustained economic progress in the years 1881-1982’. Assess the validity of this statement. Between 1981 and 1982, Russia underwent huge changes, particularly the in economy. Russian history is well known for its frequent changes in policy as the country faced revolutions, changes in regime, changes in leadership and not to mention its involvement in various conflicts. As a result, Russia’s economic policy was subject to major change apart from three key areas, industry, agriculture and the tertiary sector. These three areas of the economy remained a constant in its ever changing climate; however, many historians still argue that Russia’s economy was unsuccessful and poorly managed despite its frequent change in policy. Thus begs the question, ‘To what extent is this true?’ The Tsarist regime, for many Russians, was a period of economic instability as agriculture was seen as a secondary concern. Growth rate was not structured and growth rate fell considerably between the late 1890’s and 1905.[1] Meanwhile, other economies expanded leaving Russia struggling to catch up and some historians see agriculture as a reason for Russia’s economic decline. For example, Carol. S. Leonard argued that Russia’s grain production per capita GDP was lagged far behind that of America in 1913.[2] This argument shows how agriculture in Tsarist Russia wasn’t dealt with effectively and as a result, the economy suffered. On the other hand, some historians have pointed out that agriculture in Russia during the late Tsarist years were not so destructive. One argument maintains that actually, Russia’s agriculture grew and developed quite substantially pre- revolution. For example; from 1890 to 1913, cereal production per capita increased by 35%[3]. Although this evidence is hard to ignore, it is also difficult to turn a blind eye to the contrasting evidence which suggests that agriculture suffered under the late Tsarist regime and consequently, affected the economy as a whole. For example: â€Å"There was very little investment in agriculture in Imperial Russia and this lead to small yields and economic volatility when prices rose and fell†¦lack of investment in agriculture frequently caused grain prices to rise which caused famines†[4] Overall, although agriculture grew slightly during the Tsarist regime, ultimately it suffered greatly as did the Russian people. Looking at agriculture alone, Russia’s economy looked bleak however; industry had slightly more success during this time so perhaps the economy was not so bad after all. S J Lee puts forward a simple statement: â€Å"The periods of most rapid growth were in the reign of Nicholas II (1894-1917) as a result of the economic reforms of Sergei Witte (1892-1903)†[5]. This is easy to see, when one considers that in 1914, Russia produced 35 million tons of coal, ranking Russia fifth amongst the main producers.[6] Building on Lee’s argument, there seems to be a lot of evidence pointing to Sergei Witte as the main reason for Russia’s industrial boom. Upon taking office, Witte raised massive amounts of capital by securing a loan from France and raising taxes and tariffs and interest rates.[7] However, it is the development of Russian railways which Witte is perhaps most remembered for. Under his guidance the railway network grew from around thirty one thousand km to around fifty three km worth of track.[8] With Witte at the helm, Russia’s industry continued to develop with growth rates comparing well next to those of the United States and Germany. Witte has often been credited with modernizing Russia to such a great extent that its industrial boom continued long after he left his post as Finance Minister in 1903. For example, in 1913, Russia’s steel production stood at 4.9 million metric tons next to France’s 4.7 million, with coal and iron not far behind.[9] On the other hand, Witte’s industrialization policies were not always so successful. For example, between 1890 and 1899, Russia’s industrial growth stood at 8.0% whereas between 1900-06, it reduced to 1.4%[10]. His aims of modernizing came with a heavy cost and it was consumers who had to pay the price. Taxes were raised but only for the lower classes, indeed the wealthier classes were spared from taxation although their money was needed for private capital. Tariffs also caused problems as, although they protected Russian industry, they added to the cost of living.[11] Whatsmore, although some historians have credited Witte’s decision to seek loans from foreign investors, some remain critical. This is because the interest added to the loans had to be paid in a secure medium meaning, in order to pay off their debts, Russia was forced to export grain regularly, including during the famine of 1891.[12] Overall, although Witte made huge strides in modernizing the Russian economy, he was not entirely faultless. Industry picked up, but there were still issues and it was the common man who had to pay. The economy still suffered, although, arguably, not as much as it would have done without Witte. However, the tertiary sector also contributed to the economy. Although some historians critique Russia’s dependence of Western investors, these ties had corresponding benefits in the shape of trade. [13] Business also boomed within Russia with eight large banks emerging in 1899 which owned more than half the total bank capital. This provided free access for foreign capital, controlling important branches of the Russian economy, including the fuel and metallurgical industries. [14] Moreover, according to Robert Service, domestic industrialists and banks were thriving too.[15] This argument can be supported by the growth in towns and cities between 1897 and 1914. For example; the population in St Petersburg grew from 1’300 thousand (1987) to 2’100 thousand (1914)[16]. This shows that the economic growth had a positive impact on society and the country was doing well under the Tsarist regime. However, although to the naked eye Russia seemed to be doing well, their growth wasn’t so great. Compared to the other Great powers of the period, Russia was lagging far behind. Between 1894 and 1913, Austria-Hungary had a 79% increase in national income whereas Russia was lagging far behind with only a 50% increase[17]. This clearly demonstrates that Russia’s overall situation was not so great and actually, Russian people did suffer. When Lenin came to power in 1917, he brought with him a change in regime and economic policy including the introduction of war communism. War communism aimed to socialize the economy through state involvement. Rural areas were subjected to grain requisition which was forcibly removed by the military.[18] This inevitably was unpopular and caused much suffering and peasants who stored their crops were often wrongfully prosecuted. It was not just agriculture which suffered. Factories were nationalized by November 1920 and were geared towards war production.[19] Additionally, private trade was banned and rationing was introduced on consumer goods including food and clothing. War communism was, effectively a self destructive policy. Grain requisitioning meant more than three million people died of starvation by late 1922.[20] Moreover, money lost its value and people got by through a system of barter. Inflation shot up and multiplied 1917 costs by four million in 1922. Additionally, in comparison to the growth in city population during the Tsarist regime, people fled the cities. For example; in December 1920 the population in Petrograd fell by 57.5%[21] Lenin knew that it was time for a change. War communism caused more harm then good so Lenin came up with an alternative, the ‘New Economic Policy’ (NEP). Peasants were allowed to sell grain for profit and they paid tax on what they produced rather than giving it up[22]. Things also changed industrially and in the tertiary sector. Businessmen could own small or medium sized businesses however large firms were still state owned.[23] The NEP basically gave the people of Russia freedom and Lenin hoped that it would boost economic growth as well. However, in 1924, Lenin died and Stalin came to power. Stalin also brought new ideas and his own ways of modernizing the economy. In November 1927, Stalin introduced his policies of industrialisation and collectivisation with the aim of modernising the economy. They were supported by a series of five year plans, the first (1928-32) aimed to improve living standards and the second (1933-37) and third (1938-41) aimed to highlight and thus, amend, Russia’s weaknesses[24]. Industrialisation was relatively successful as by the late 1930’s many workers conditions had improved and they had acquired better paid jobs and unemployment was almost non-existent. Accounts from the time support this view: â€Å"Good progress was made†¦4’500 new factories, plants, mines and power stations were commissioned, three times as many as the first Five-Year period’[25]. On the other hand, industrialisation was harsh and lateness for work often led to employees getting the sack. Many prisoners also paid the price by working on the grand engineering projects and working in appalling and dangerous conditions. For example; around 100’000 workers died building the Belmor Canal[26]. Collectivisation was ultimately unsuccessful and peasants were in a worse position than ever before. The concept of sharing farms and thus, sharing salary meant there wasn’t enough money to go around and crop production fell too. For example: â€Å"†¦Grain shortages, combined with continued forced procurements, led to rural famine†¦Ã¢â‚¬ [27] However, some people benefitted from collectivisation such as Bertha Malnick: â€Å"We have more than 600 hectares†¦our farmers have built 70 new houses for themselves during the last few years†¦Ã¢â‚¬ [28]. However, it is reasonable to conclude overall that collectivisation was unsuccessful given the various sources which provide figures of those who died or badly suffered during Stalin’s reign. Stalin died in 1953 and Khrushchev took over. Khrushchev focused on DeStalinisation, distancing the USSR as far away from Stalin as possible. Khrushchev was keen to adopt a different economic policy with the aim of building on the country’s previous economic growth and amending its weaknesses and one way he did this was by abandoning the five year plans and starting a new, seven year plan (1959-65) which aimed to take advantage of newly discovered mineral resources and fit in with industry[29]. Khrushchev pumped a lot of money into agriculture and overall 40% of investment was put into the neglected eastern regions of the USSR[30]. However, the seven year plan had similar flaws to the previous five year plans such as mistakes in resource distribution. Living standards got worse, the opposite to what Khrushchev had hoped to achieve. For example; only five in one thousand citizens owned a car and in 1963, the USSR was forced to import grain from the capitalist west to compensate shortages.[31] There were successes during this time such as the rise in foreign trade however this can’t compensate for the huge failures experienced during this time. Khrushchev made an honest attempt to improve the economy however his plans backfired and once again the country was left to clean up an economic mess. Eventually, Khrushchev was removed from power and in his place came Brezhnev who did little to change the economy. The era of Brezhnev has often been described as ‘a period of economic stagnation’ but some historians believe that this is not fair. Like Khrushchev, Brezhnev wanted to focus on improving agriculture and living standards in Russia. Historians Gwyneth Hughes and Simon Welfare support this view saying: â€Å"†¦After the terror of Stalin’s reign and the chaos of Khrushchev’s, the Soviet Union was in for a period of stability, and that meant everyone kept their job and their perks for life.†[32] Brezhnev allowed farmers to work on state own plots which motivated them to produce as much as possible in order to sell the surplus[33]. This, in theory, should have been beneficial and shows that Brezhnev was trying to improve the economy through new methods however, he was not so lucky. In 1975, the USSR suffered another poor harvest meaning Brezhnev had to increase foreign exports to keep everyone fed. This was just another disaster in Russia but Brezhnev did little to help. His aim to improve agriculture and living standards meant he neglected industry and production rates continued to rapidly fall[34]. However, arguably his biggest flaw was his inability to change the already ridged economy. Brezhnev had new ideas but couldn’t fight the system and by the end of his reign, Russia had made little improvement. Historian Dmitri Volkognov best sums up the Brezhnev period saying: â€Å"If Lenin and Stalin, and to some extent even Khrushchev, were able to enliven the moribund ideology of Communism, it was quite beyond Brezhnev†¦Ã¢â‚¬ [35]. In conclusion, between 1881 and 1982, Russia experienced much hardship especially surrounding the economy. After analyzing this one hundred year period it is hard to deny that the statement ‘Despite frequent changes in policy, Russian and Soviet governments were spectacularly unsuccessful in securing sustained economic progress in the years 1881-1992’. The economy under the Tsarist regime had its faults and during and after the 1917 revolution, it was widely believed that the country’s economic situation would improve. However, from Lenin to Stalin and Khrushchev to Brezhnev, it seemed that no leader was able to sustain a long-lasting and successful economic policy. The economy grew as quickly as it declined and it has taken many years to make any significant progress since. Therefore, this statement is valid. ________________ [1] Heinemann Advanced History: The Modernisation of Russia 1856-1985 [2] Agricultural Productivity Growth in Russia 1861-1913. From Inertia to Ferment by Carol. S. Leonard [3] The Penguin History of Modern Russia by Robert Service [4] www.historymadefun.co.uk/Tsarism [5] Overview from Russia and the USSR: Autocracy and Dictatorship (questions and answers in History) by Stephen. J. Lee [6] Stephen J Lee [7] http://www.slideshare.net/russeltarr/tsar-nicholas-ii-and-industry [8] The Industrialisation of Russia by M. Falkus [9] http://www.portalus.ru/modules/english_russia [10] M. Falkus [11] A2 History OCR: A Russia and its Rulers 1855-1964 [12] A2 History OCR [13] S. J Lee [14] A History of the USSR [15] Penguin History of Modern Russia [16] M. Falkus [17] The Making of the Revolution, 1881-1905 [18] From Years of Russia and the USSR, 1851-1991 by Evans and Jenkins [19] Evans and Jenkins [20] The Russian Revolutions 1914-1924 [21] Evans and Jenkins [22] The USSR, Germany and the USA between the wars [23] Russia and the USSR 1905-1941 [24] The USSR, Germany and Russia between the wars [25] A Soviet view of the second five year plan from History of the USSR by Y. Kukushkin [26] Stalin and the Soviet Economy [27] European History 1848-1945 by T.A Morris [28] Everyday Life in Russia by Bertha Malnick [29] AQA A2 History Triumph and Collapse: Russia and the USSR 1941-1991 by John Laver Sally Waller [30] Russia 1855- 1964 Flagship History by D. Murray and T. Morris [31] The Soviet Economy 1917-80 by S J Lee [32] Red Empire. The Forbidden History of the USSR by G. Hughes and S. Welfare [33] www.ibguides.com/history/notes.ccom [34] Years of Russia and the USSR, 1851-1991 [35] The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Empire by D.Volkognov

Hypnotherapy: Can it Stop Cigarette Addiction? Essay examples -- Hypno

Hypnotherapy: Can it Stop Cigarette Addiction? â€Å"And now, when I snap my fingers, you will never smoke again! †Could there be something more useful to hypnosis than just magical entertainment? Are there applications for hypnosis in the medical realm? Hypnotherapists now advocate hypnosis as a near panacea, claiming it can help one lose weight, stop smoking, improve memory, improve athletic ability, reduce stress, build self-confidence, overcome phobias, find lost articles, and even manage chronic pain (http://sageways. com/sageline/0196/hah. html). It has been estimated that some 390,000 Americans die prematurely from cigarette smoking each year. Smoking has been linked as a major risk factor to lung cancer (and many other forms of cancer), heart disease, chronic lung diseases, stroke, and respiratory illness. However quitting smoking can decreases the risk of these chronic illnesses and those who quit smoking generally live longer and healthier than those who do not. As scientific evidence revealing the harmful eff ects of smoking has accumulated to the of point universal acceptance, smokers are now seeking heavily (even desperately) to terminate their potentially fatal habit. Furthermore, smokers usually must make multiple attempts to quit their habit before reaching the point of abstinence. In such despair, an unorthodox treatment such as hypnosis can arise as a tantalizing option. But can a hypnotherapist really use hypnosis to end such an ingrained habit, or are the seemingly magic powers of hypnosis being used to swindle money from the gullible and the desperate? Who Advocates Hypnosis? In general hypnotherapists and other alternative therapists endorse hypnosis. Many of these advocates do not possess a... ...ly Physician, 42(5Suppl), 70S-73S. Schwartz, J. L. (1992). Methods of Smoking Cessation. Medical Clinics of North America, 76(2), 451-76. Schubert, D. K. (1983). Comparison of Hypnotherapy with Systematic Relaxation in the Treatment of Cigarette Habituation. Journal of Clinical Psychology. 39(2), 198-202. Spiegel, D. , Frischhlz, E. J. , Fleiss, J. L. , & Spiegel, H. (1993). Predictors of Smoking Abstinence Following a Single-Session Restructuring Intervention With Self-Hypnosis. American Journal of Psychiatry, 150(7), 1090-7. Sorensen, G. , Beder, B. Prible, C. R. , & Pinney, J. (1995). Reducing Smoking at the Workplace: Implementing a Smoking Ban and Hypnotherapy. Journal of Occupational Medicine, 37(4), 453-60. Van Dyck, R. & Hoogduin, K. (1990). Hypnosis: Placebo or Nonplacebo?American Journal of Psychotherapy, 44(3), 396-404.

Name of case

Texas Instruments (TI), a high-tech semiconductor giant, gunning for the technology boom, went up like a rocket, and proceeding in the wake of the technology bust, came down like the stick. The business free fall jolted TI. Its giant feet, it figuratively reduced, to fit in their customers’ shoes. Fitting in their shoes is renewing customer awareness, and walking in them is focusing on their happiness. BTS USA, a global supplier, trained the TI’s executives and managers in learning how to walk toward the customer-centric direction. Ironically, the quickest walk from TI to its customers is on that road that threads through the heart of the front-line employees – the ones that should have walked first in the customers’ shoes. Review/Analysis of the Case The nostalgic expression â€Å"customers waited in line† conjures up a unique image of a cross of Pied Piper and Lady Luck, both legendary personifications of power and fortune – the twin business goodies coming out of the technology boom. At its height, TI had its hands full of such goodies. The Pied Piper’s power was in his magic pipe that lured rats to follow him in a long line. TI needed a jolt to wake up to the call of those customers that waited in line who, unlike Pied Piper’s rats, were people with human wants and needs to satisfy. TI needed a jolt to wake up to the call of its Lady Luck who, in the wake of the technology bust, was running out of luck. Then, BTS USA, a global supplier of computer-based simulations of learning, came in and played the role of a hero. The Training and Development play was a typical example of a book-line theory put on a real-life practice. That is, an external change (technology bust), stirred an organization (TI), that egged on a problem (dissatisfied customers), which required a consultant (BTS USA), in carrying out the following basic process (training and development): Diagnosing needs, gathering data, planning actions, building teams, developing groups, and conducting evaluations (Davis, 1981, p. 261). Analysis of Findings In real world, TI would need all pair of hands to give its customers a lift, and all pairs of feet to walk in their shoes. To satisfy customers, product quality and price should meet their expectations, and services should match their perceptions. Product quality and price is performance-driven while customer service, on the other hand, is behavior-driven. Training and Development seems to emphasize behavioral processes rather than job performance (Davis, 1981, p.271). The pairs of hands and feet – that produce products with quality and price the customers expect – belong to the front-line employees. Therefore, their level of training priority must be stamped: High. Recommendations TI would achieve competitive advantage in real world by totally satisfying its customers. It would require organization-wide changes that would transcend major traditional turfs with diverse conflicting goals: Marketing aims at increasing volume, Production, minimizing cost, and Finance, maximizing profit. Amid the radical change, Training and Development, according to Davis (1981, p.257), plays a vital role as a â€Å"change agent† that breaks through, if not breaks down, the organization’s turfs, stimulates sweeping changes across-the-board, at the same time, rolls those turfs together into one harmonious work force. Summary and Conclusions TI’s ultimate climb to the top must be steered with durable ROI at the bottom. What awaits TI at the summit is a highly coveted business trophy – customers-waiting-in-line reality. To earn such trophy needs no magic from Pied Piper and Lady Luck. TI must only enlist all pairs of corporate hands in a â€Å"Total Customer Satisfaction Boot Camp.† After fitting up to great shape, all the pairs of corporate feet would be let loose to walk in their customers’ shoes. Walking together hand-in-hand while commanding a view of the top, TI’s climbers and their customers alike, would loudly cheer, â€Å"We’re Number One!† References Davis, K. (1981). Human behavior at work: Organizational behavior. Arizona. McGraw-Hill, Inc.

Fast Food and Food Handler Wear Essay

1. Infrared thermometers are used to measures? Surface temperatures 2. Food cannot be refrozen once it is thawed because? Dangerous bacteria can grow on thawed food 3. What is the minimum temperature for transporting hot food and hot food holding items? 135 (F) degrees 4. The appropriate freezing method for destroying the anisakis parasite in fish is? -4 f degrees and held for 7days 5. What type of jewelry may a food handler wear while preparing food? Plain band 6. A women runs out of the bathroom in a fast food restaurant, and frantically tells the manager that the bathroom sink has backed up and is overflowing. What should the manager do? Close the restroom and call a plumber to unblock the drain 7. The concentration of a sanitizing solution is compromised when? The solution is to hot 8. All of these foods are potentially hazardous expect for? Raw asparagus 9. If the water supply to an establishment is shut off and there is no alternate portable water source? The establishment needs to close until the water supply is restored 10. The minimum internal temp of a pork roast or tuna casserole cooked in a microwave is? 165 (f) degrees for 15seconds 11. A food handler reports to the manager that he has been diagnosed with hemorrhagic colitis. The manager must? Ask the person to leave the establishment and report the incident to the health dept. 12. Clean plates are required for each trip to the buffet because? Contamination can be prevented 13. Frozen foods, other than ice cream, must not be stored at a temp. Over? 0 f degrees 14. Hand washing is not allowed in sinks that are? Used for food prep 15. Light bulb in food prep area must? Be covered to prevent physical contamination 16. The safe way to thaw large poultry or meat product is? In a frig at 41 f or lower 17. The minimum temp and time allowed for cooking a roast beef is? 130 f for 112 min 18. Hand antiseptics can be used? After proper hand washing 19. Which of the following is the best method for killing bacteria in ground beef? Cook to 155 f for 15 sec 20. Which of these disease- causing bacteria may be found in the shell eggs? Salmonella 21. Cooked food is a self serve establishment that has been in the danger zone of under 135 f to over 70 f internal temp of? 165 f – for 15 sec 22. When displaying live shellfish for consumption, the FDA food code requires that you? Have a HACCP plan and a variance 23. The chef prepared a large quantity of homemade beef stew and divided it up into two shallow pans for cooling. He placed the pans in the refrigerator and stirs them frequently. However, he was unsuccessful in cooling the stew from 135 f to 70 f within 2 hrs. What must the chef do to cool the stew? Reheat stew at 165 f for 15 sec and begin cooling process again 24. The entire hand washing process should take at least? 20 sec 25. Listeria bacteria is especially dangerous because? It can grow in dish water 26. Back siphoning occurs when the portable water pressure is lower than the waste water pressure and the waste water backs into the portable water-cross connection? Air gaps 27. Which of these foods in the most likely source of botulism? Vegetables in a swollen can 28. The internal receiving temp of fresh? 41 f 29. Which organism is most likely to multiply in vacuum or airless packaged foods? Clostridium botulinum 30. The minimum wash temp for chemical sanitizing in a ware washing machine should be? 120 f degrees 31. To manually hot water sanitize in a three sink process, the item must be in the water that is at minimum? 120 f – 30 sec 32. Which of the following is a safe food handling practice? Clean and sanitize food surfaces in constant use every 4 hrs 33. In a Hazards Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) plan, CCP’s are identified in? Flow chart 34. Measure a chicken noodle casserole where do you insert thermometer? Into the center or thickest part of the casserole 35. Grease traps must be cleaned on a regular basis because the can? Cause a backup 36. Product stuffed with either raw chicken or beef must be cooked to an internal temp of? 165 f for 15 sec 37. The first step in planning a food safety training program is? Identify the topics for the training 38. When cooking in a microwave, potentially hazardous foods should? Be rotated or mixed halfway through the cooking process. 39. To ensure that the items are sanitized, the temp of a ware washing machine’s final sanitizing rinse must be at least? 180 f degrees 40. What two factors are the most important for controlling food borne illness in the food preparation process? Time and temp 41. Reduced Oxygen Packaged food must be stored? In refrigeration 42. An outbreak of typhoid fever, caused by the Salmonella Typhi Bacterium, is most likely to occur after? Flooding 43. Which of the following fall into the â€Å"eight most common food allergens† category? Milk, Wheat, Soybeans 44. Enterohemorrahagic E. coli is a? Bacteria that produces shiga toxins. 45. Which of the following bacteria are found in soil? Bacillus cereus 46. The anisakis simplex worm is most likely to be found in? Under cooked fish 47. Which of the following illness DO NOT have to be reported to the local health dept? Giardiasis 48. Which type of temp probe would use to measure the temp of an oven or refrigerator? Air 49. Which of the following is NOT a method for removing oxygen from packed foods? HMR 50. For traditional steeped tea, the hot water should be a minimum of? 175 f and steeped for minimum of 5 min 51. The correct method for calibrating a stem type thermometer is? In water and ice, and calibrate 32 f 52. Shellfish dealer tags must be kept on file for how many days after the shellfish was harvested? 90 days 53. You have a food delivery arriving in an hour that will consist of milk cartons, fresh chicken breasts, and vacuum-packed bacon. What is the best thermometer to use to check product temperatures on all of these products? Bimetallic thermometer 54. Food borne intoxication is caused by eating food that contain? Poison producing microorganisms 55. To free up space in the kitchen, a busser is asked to manually clean some pot and pans in a three-compartment sink. First he scrapes and rinses the items. Then, he washes them in the first sink, rinses them in the second sink, sanitizes them in the third sink, and sets the items on the drain board to air dry. What did the busser do wrong? He forgot to clean and sanitize the sinks before using them 56. PCO stands for? Pest control operator 57. The best method of preventing an outbreak of Hepatitis A is? Proper hand washing procedures 58. On her morning shift, a food handler puts on clean disposable gloves, and begins to move defrosted hamburger patties form the refrigerator to the preparation area, as directed by the cook. Then, she is asked to slice tomatoes. When she’s done, she slices raw onions. In this sequence of task, when should the food handler change gloves? After moving the hamburger patties to the preparation area 59. The chef just finished preparing raw chicken breasts in a citrus marinade. She will store them in the refrigerator for the next shift to cook and serve for dinner. In order to prevent possible cross-contamination, where should the chef place the tray of chicken breast in the refrigerator? On the bottom self next to the ground turkey 60. A food handler comes to work with a bad cold, but insists that he is well enough to work. The employee is asked to take his temperature, and it turns out that he has a fever. What should the manager do? Send the employee home 61. Which of the following bacteria might be found in a food worker’s hand wound? Staphylococcus aureus 62. A father takes his four year old daughter and her friend to the local hamburger diner after swimming lessons. The friend wants a hot dog, and his daughter wants a hamburger. Because the father likes his hamburgers rare, he orders a rare hamburger for himself and his daughter. What should the server do? Explain that the restaurant cannot serve rare hamburgers to young children 63. Salmonella spp. Bacteria have recently been found in contaminated? Produce 64. A food worker used a Quats sanitizing solution in a three compartment sink as the final step in the cleaning and sanitizing process. She confirmed that the water temp was 75 f, she followed the manufacturer’s concentration instructions, and she completely immersed the cleaned metal cooking pots in the solution for 15 sec. last, she let the pot air dry before storing it. What did the food worker do wrong? She didn’t immerse the pot long enough 65. Which of the following foods are most easily contaminated with the Norovirus? Ready to eat foods 66. Shigella spp. Bacteria are most likely to be found in contaminated? Water 67. A catering company is preparing and transporting hot and cold foods to a customer site for a birthday party. The customer will then reheats and serve the food to guests at the appropriate time. Which of the following must the catering company provide to the customer? Reheating instructions for hot foods 68. A customer has just finished eating a seafood salad with a peanut dressing. As he is paying the bill, the customer starts to have trouble breathing. His face starts to swell, and he breaks out in hives. Most likely the customer is suffering from? An allergy attack 69. In the final hour of a local fund raising event, your food booth runs out of ice for cold beverages. What is the best course of action to follow? Send a volunteer to the nearest store for a bag of ice 70. A food handler in a small coffee shop has just finished deep frying a batch of chicken nuggets, when a customer order comes in for fried shrimp. What does the food handler need to do to avoid cross- contact? The food handler should use a different fryer and oil assigned to cook seafood 71. At an offsite catered event, the food service manager has been hot holding a beef stir fry at 145 f, when suddenly she loses her heat source. Guests are in line waiting to be served. What should the manager do? Begin to serve guests, because the stir fry can be out of temp control for up to 4 hrs 72. A server walks up to a newly seated party of two. The female customer announces that she has a wheat allergy. What should the server do? Wait till the customer orders, and then check with the manager to confirm if any of the ordered items contain wheat.

History before the Revolutionary Era essays

History before the Revolutionary Era essays John Locke, the philosopher, stated that all individuals have the right to Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Property. Thomas Jefferson, former President, suggested that Happiness should replace Property in Lockes statement. Most of Americans depend on property to achieve happiness. For instance, before the American Revolution, slavery was used as a form of property, congregations did not have the freedom to explore other churches or religions, and the government set regulations that were not in the best interest of the public. The conflict between self-interest and public interest is a key reason to why the American Revolution began. Although, those that were more concerned with what was in the best interest of the public, the Republicans, won the American Revolution, conflict still arose from undergoing Republican ideology or the change for the better. The American Revolution attempted to escape political chaos due to the Loyalist Exodus, which ended support for the restoration of monarchy or kingdom. In May 1776, Congress passed a resolution calling for the authority to be totally suppressed and all the powers of government exerted under the authority of the people. Republican institutions did absorb the energy and intellect of an entire generation. However, Congress decision of, Who should rule at home?, or who would control the new representative institutions of government, led a generation of rival camps between the state and the central government. During the 1790s Alexander Hamiltons, secretary of the Treasury under George Washington, system of public finance and the ideas of the French Revolution also divided Americans into warring camps which led to organized political parties. The national government had reduced the rights of organized political parties and had almost gone to war with France until the election of Thomas Jeffe...

Tess of the D essays

Tess of the D essays In the novel, Tess of the DUrbervilles, by Thomas Hardy fate plays an important role. Fate determines the lives of the characters involved, especially Tess Durbeyfield. Events throughout the book are predetermined and bound to happen. The fate of Tess is to live a sorrowful life to improve the lives of her family and especially her favorite sibling, Liza-Lu. The story begins with Tess running through the town with a group of girls all dressed up in white smocks. They make it to a green, beautiful plot where they begin to dance with one another. During the night men stop by to grab a dance with the young ladies. One young gentlemen stops in that catches Tess attention. This man watches her intently yet refuses to dance with her. Later in the story it is discovered that this man is Angel Clare. Clare and Tess get married, yet not before she endures serious hardships due to his absence. Fate killed the Durbeyfield horse, Prince. After a night of drinking Tess father was unable to bring the eggs to the marketplace. Tess was forced out of bed to bring the goods. During the ride to the marketplace Prince is killed by a passing postman. The death of Prince brought a severe financial crisis to the Durbeyfield family. Tess blames herself for the death of the horse and decides she must call on wealthy kin to help her family. Fate brought Tess to the home of her supposed kin, Alec Stoke-DUrberville. Tess went to Alec in hope of earning enough money to purchase a new horse for her family. While there she takes care of the poultry and Alecs elderly mother. While at the home Tess accompanies Alec on a ride through the woods. Fate got them lost in the woods, caused Tess to fall asleep while waiting for Alec to find where they were and caused Tess to be raped. Fate brought about the death of Tess bastard child, Sorrow. Sorrow was born into a home broken by poverty and shame. He had no chance of survival...

What to Do Before Leaving for College

What to Do Before Leaving for College Overwhelmed with everything you need to do before heading to college? Familiarizing yourself with everything on this list can help make the process easier. 1. Contact Your Roommate That first conversation is pivotal for getting to know each other, for building your relationship as roommates, and for figuring out whos going to be bringing what. A great roommate can make all the difference in school. 2. Organize All Your Purchases Knowing what to bring is just as important as knowing what not to bring. Deciding on what kind of computer youll have is also a big decision that will influence several aspects of your college life. (Can you bring it home? Is it powerful enough to run graphics programs or economic models youll need for your major?) 3. Understand Your Financial Aid The last thing you want to have happen is for finances to get in the way of your academic progress (yes, it really does matter if you miss that deadline for submitting your FAFSA). Make sure your finances are in order- and that you understand all you need to do while youre in school. 4. Make a Budget Youll need to know, from your first day on campus, how much money you can spend on certain things, whether or not youll need an on-campus job, and how much money you should have at the end of every month so you dont have to beg your roommate for food come December. 5. Take Care of Your Physical Health Picking the right meal plan and knowing how to make healthy choices in your new environment will greatly aid your time in school. Who wants to miss a midterm because of a stress-induced cold? 6. Familiarize Yourself With College Terminology If your RA tells you that the problem youre having with your TA can best be handled by the dean, will you know what all of that means? What if your cute lab partner is complaining because adjunct professors werent invited to convocation? College life is full of acronyms and new lingo: do what you can to familiarize yourself with it before you arrive. 7. Get the Most out of Orientation Everything from meeting people to making it through your first week takes a lot of courage- but pushing yourself through will make a huge difference during your entire time at school. 8. Plan to Keep in Touch With Friends and Family Its a good idea to know how to manage relationships with your boyfriend or girlfriend, parents, and even siblings. If you talk about how to keep in touch before you leave, everyone will know what to expect. 9. Develop a Time Management System Figuring out how to manage their time is often one of the biggest challenges for college students. Set yourself up early with a system that you know will work for you. 10. Keep Yourself and Your Stuff Safe The last thing you need to be worried about while in school is dealing with something that may have been preventable. Losing your computer, for example, can wreak havoc on your academics- and, if someone breaks into your room while you left the door open, can wreak havoc on your roommate relationship. Its easier to stay safe than to deal with theft. Lastly- an unofficial #11- congratulate yourself on a job well done for getting here in the first place, and have fun!

Event Tourism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Event Tourism - Essay Example Event tourism generally refers to an event which is organized for an audience from around the world. The event can be a public or corporate event which attracts people from around the globe and they visit the country to attend the event. Event tourism as a business includes the hotel reservations, transportation facilities, journey tours, and several other procedures that are organized for the tourists in order to make it easy for them. Event tourism brings huge revenues for the host country and adds value to the destination itself. This paper will discuss how event tourism has emerged as a popular type of tourism and what the main goals are. The event tourism has taken a considerable position in the tourism industry of today. Many tourism industries have given special attention to the event tourism and worked with event management companies to ensure an attractive event. The event can be a cultural festival, a sports event, a religious rally or a corporate conference. Such events ca n be organized by the private or public sector but the tourism business boosts immensely during these events. This is because most of the tourism agencies play their part by assisting the tourists, planning tours for them, arranging tickets for the event and reserving hotel rooms. It is the responsibility of the community and the tourist agencies to manage and supervise these major events which attract people from all over the world (Getz, 2008, p. 415). The major approach that a community shall adopt to host a successful event is the effective tourism planning. Even though the normal tourism industry faces much ups and downs regularly which are due to a variety of reasons such as changing weather conditions, acts of violence etc. But the event tourism industry manages to produce a large number of populations despite any of these factors. The major events that are planned have financial aspects which are arranged in advance so that the market fluctuations do not affect the arrangeme nts. The host community for major events such as the cricket world cup or the Olympics is decided as a result of a tough competition. The wide range of events adds to the host community’s economic health and a community shall carry out certain roles to determine the development of their event tourism industry. There are many aspects that a community has to consider while deciding whether to host a major event or not. Before competing for the hosting of the special event, a community must do their homework. A community shall consider an event specialist and know about all the basics about the event. This includes the event demographics, the needs, the dates and the things that need to be avoided for example in a religious event, a community might consider which drinks to serve and which ones to avoid. It is important for a community to know its own strengths and weaknesses before hosting a major event. The major things to consider are the funds available for the event, the emp loyees that are available and how skilled they are like are they multilingual, the facilities that can be offered and those which can’t be offered (Damster, 2005, p. 4). Advertising is another important action that has to be taken by the community and the tourism agencies to develop the event tourism and to host a major event. A community must know the potential basics before advertising the event and the facilities. The community must be sure of the party who is holding the event and the type of audience which is targeted. They should know the reason and motive behind the event, the reasons for choosing the location for the event and the expectations of

Discsussion Board Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Discsussion Board - Essay Example This is what this literature plans to discuss and will show using factual research and reports from the White House's National Strategies on drug trafficking. Drug Trafficking depicts the illegal activities of drugs being distributed through out the world. It is a criminal occurrence and has created wide spread alarm in many parts of other countries but particularly in the United States. In the 1960's the main area of concern was in the trafficking of heroin and its subsequent abuse. Also at this time there were other illegal drug activities gong on, specifically with drugs that were considered to be recreational and psychoanalytical but which posed just as serious a problem as the harder drugs such as heroine, and cocaine. The milder drugs like marijuana were also rampant and being elicited and distributed by many drug dealers and those smuggling it over the border. Because of past concerns and the current problems in law enforcements attempts to curtail the illegal distribution of these heavier drugs, there have been several policies established and strategies developed in order to gain a tighter reign on criminal drug cases involving the trafficking of them. The Bush Administration has set aside funding for cracking down on drug abuse and the trafficking associated with it. ... There have been other government agencies that have received funding as well but the ones listed are the most proficient on controlling illegal drug use. The 2003 national Drug strategy campaign has been one of the largest iniatives by the government to dissuade the youth from becoming associative with drug trafficking and drug usage. It is believed that by educating the youth about the consequences of drugs, they will be deterred from it and drug sellers and traffickers will be less able to sell to the youth and therefore their capabilities to distribute illegal drugs will be minimized in this category (National Drug Control Strategy 2003). Drug prevention programs seem to be very effective in bringing knowledge to the youth on what thy can expect if they fall into the trap of drugs and the selling of them. These programs make it clear that the misinformation that has been handed to the youth by drug sellers indicating that it is a simply teenage fad and it is ok to experiment with drugs during the teenage years, have been substantially dispelled so that young people have a clearer interpretation of what is truth and what is a lie concerning drugs. This has been very effective in decreasing the amount of drug trafficking around the youth population although there still exists a number of concerns. What has come into existence in the educational system now is a program that legally can test teenagers who are suspected of having a drug problem. The main goal in this program is not to punish the youth who are found to be associated with a form of drug use but rather to get them into proper treatment facilities where they can be rehabilitated and properly counseled as to the outcome they

Other Foundations' of Catholic Theology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Other Foundations' of Catholic Theology - Essay Example My Experience at the Celebration of a Catholic Liturgy In the Catholic Church, liturgy is understood as the official common prayers of the Church. Liturgy is meant to continue the priestly office of Jesus Christ (Pious XII, Mediator Dei). Understood in this sense, liturgy therefore is the official prayers of the Church that is meant to unite the believers, through Jesus Christ, to God, the creator. In the Catholic Church, there are many forms of prayers that are considered as Liturgy. One of the most common and important Liturgy in the Catholic Church is the celebration of the Eucharist. In this paper, I am going to describe my experiences at the celebration of Eucharist. In the description of my experiences at the celebration of Eucharist, I have focused on my experiences of the participant’s interaction, how I experienced the presence of Jesus Christ in the liturgical actions, how I experienced Liturgy as a teaching action, and how my experiences drew me closer to the commun ity with whom I celebrated the Eucharist. On the interaction among the participants of the Eucharistic celebration liturgy, I experienced that there was a close interaction among all the participants of the liturgical celebration. ... Among them, there are choir members who lead the congregation in hymns. Also, there are those who read/proclaim the word, but the Gospel is proclaimed by the priest. But although, there are different roles played by the members of the congregation in the celebration of the Eucharist, the liturgical celebration, however, runs harmoniously and all the members participate keenly in each and every aspect of the celebration of the liturgy; while the priest leads in the celebration of the liturgy, the other members of the congregation participate in the mass keenly and lively and they make some responses where necessarily. In summary, all the participants in the Eucharistic liturgy relate closely and harmoniously in the celebration of the Eucharistic liturgy. In the celebration of the Eucharist, I experienced the presence of Jesus Christ in various ways. First, in the rite of the priest blessing the congregation with the holy water at the beginning of the Eucharistic celebration made me ex perience a lot of joy and inner peace as the mass started. Secondly, during the proclamation of the word, I felt deeply touched by the word of God. The word of God challenged me, inspired me and encouraged me to be more committed in my Christian life. Also, the preaching of the priest made me experience the presence of Jesus Christ more and more. The preaching of the priest made me understand the content of the word of God more. Then, the Consecration of the bread and wine into body and blood and Jesus Christ made me experience the presence of Jesus Christ more deeply. Again, the receiving of the Holy Eucharist made me to experience the presence of Jesus Christ more deeply. Apart from the prayers in the Eucharist that made me to experience the presence

Female genital mutilation and human rights Term Paper - 1

Female genital mutilation and human rights - Term Paper Example The UN is clear in its condemnation of the practice, stating unequivocally that it violates the basic human rights of girls and women and denies them of their physical and mental integrity, their right to freedom from violence and discrimination, and sometimes even their lives. At the same time, however, the UN recognizes that FGM is deeply entrenched in many cultures in the world, and as a result, difficult to end without respecting these cultures’ values and systems of belief. How, then, does the condemnation of FGM by many international organizations such as the UN and WHO fit into cultural relativism? This paper will seek to reconcile these two seemingly contradictory ideas. How can these organizations condemn such a practice without alienating large groups of people? First, I will provide evidence that FGM does indeed violate the human rights of the girls and women who are forced to withstand it. Then I will illustrate how the concepts of cultural relativism fit into it, and how those interested in promoting the health and welfare of women and girls all over the world can use these concepts to eradicate it. As WHO states, FGM â€Å"reflects deep-rooted inequality between the sexes, and constitutes an extreme form of discrimination against women† (â€Å"Female† n.p.). The UN states that FGM violates the rights of both children and women, and cites two major UN proclamations, the 1979 Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) and the 1989 Convention of the Rights of the Child (CRC). The UN clearly states that FGM violates the CRC because it compromises the â€Å"right to life, the right to physical integrity, the right to the highest attainable standard of health (including, with maturity, reproductive and sexual health), as well as the right to freedom from physical or mental violence, injury or abuse† (Lewnes 15). It is also a violation of the child’s right to development, protection, and full

NEGOTIATION STYLES AND COMMUNICATION Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

NEGOTIATION STYLES AND COMMUNICATION - Assignment Example Globalization has brought about the need for cultural understanding for traders in various countries to enable them to trade globally. The Vietnamese and the Americans have different personality styles and preference in negotiation. To start with, the Americans and Vietnam have different approaches to negotiation with the Americans being convenience customers while the Vietnamese are valued customers. This is from the buyers’ point of view so that the negotiating party is the buyer. A convenient customer is the once who is less sensitive to brand and try to minimize effort on evaluation. The convenience customers are time sensitive, thus prefer saving on time. The Americans fit the convenience customer definition through its individualistic nature. Americans are more interested in satisfying personal needs rather than focusing on societal beliefs and culture, therefore the American consumers are known to make decisions free of societal influence. On the other hand, the value customers are conscious of both value and prices of products. They, the value customers, would want to get the best quality at the lowest possible cost thus maximizing on value. For the Vietnamese, they believe in collective communal responsibility for individuals. The people in Vietnam are aware of the general prices of products and qualities, thus are more brands sensitive. The Easterners prefer having to negotiate for lower prices but at the same time maintaining good quality of the product. The individual behavior has affected the way trader price their goods. Traders in the east are aware of the bargaining nature of most of the customers thus have priced their products to allow for bargaining. The Far East is characterized with high power distance (Van 2009). This means that the gap between those having powers, and those not in powers is big and visible. The inequality in power is reflected in the high income disparity

W6DQ Follow Up Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

W6DQ Follow Up - Assignment Example Segil, L (2002) However, in any social setting, there are obstacles that are encountered such as conflicts, maintaining team work as well as managing and appreciating the diversity meaning different skills among the members. Therefore, to solve or prevent these negative issues within a team, an effective leader is required to to lead the team in the most efficient, authoritative and just way to prevent discriminating views. A leader is an individual who guides and influences a group of people in accomplishing the set tasks and objectives. Leading an effective team calls a true leader. An effective team works in handy to fulfill the given mandates in solidarity and respecting every individual’s perspective relating the set agenda. Thus a leader of an effective team calls for transparency in decision making and observes and acknowledges the diversity within the team. This enhances or creates a warm friendly environment within the team and in return it creates a conducive working environment for the team. Lena Zander and Audra I. Mockaitis (2012) In certain situations, some pressing and delicate issues regarding a given mandate almost lead to the collapse of a given team due to conflicting views. Therefore, for an efficient decision to take place, a wise leader calms down the situation and makes a firm decision on the same. For one to lead an effective team, one should possess knowledge from observing past mistakes and failures. After recognizing these negative attributes, it becomes easier to develop effective strategies and adequate counter measures to overcome future obstacles. Lastly, leading an effective team advocates for teamwork. Debbie Zmorenski (2011) Teamwork creates efficiency through the understanding every individuals strengths and weaknesses. Furthermore, it works as a guideline in making correct and informed decisions. When a leader maintains teamwork, definitely the team is bound for success, more contracts and lastly enjoying success toget her respecting the leader. References Lena Zander, Audra I. Mockaitis., 2012. Christina L. Butler Leading global teams Original Research Article: Journal of World Business, 47 (4), Pp. 592-603 Segil, L 2002, Dynamic leader adaptive organization: ten essential traits for managers, John Wiley & Sons. The New York Debbie Zmorenski (2011), How to create and lead high-performing teams http://www.reliableplant.com/Read/27377/Creating-leading-high-performing-teams Response 2 Leading an effective team revolves around good leadership skills. The said leader should make sure that every team member should live accountable with the resolutions made and should make sure that each member foresees the implementation of the decisions made. I response every member feels the weight of the resolutions thus creating a situation where every team member is keen in observing goals. Miles, J. (2012) In other terms the leadership position is fulfilled by every member but final decisions are left for the tru e leader. An effective team is demanding in how it is led hence a call for a strong leader comes in place. This leader should evaluate the performance of the team. When keen measurement is thoroughly taken, for the team to be effective the leader should maintain the following characteristics. Communication in an effective team is crystal clear and transparent through decency and honesty. This drives the team to success in achieving the laid

NEGOTIATION STYLES AND COMMUNICATION Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

NEGOTIATION STYLES AND COMMUNICATION - Assignment Example Globalization has brought about the need for cultural understanding for traders in various countries to enable them to trade globally. The Vietnamese and the Americans have different personality styles and preference in negotiation. To start with, the Americans and Vietnam have different approaches to negotiation with the Americans being convenience customers while the Vietnamese are valued customers. This is from the buyers’ point of view so that the negotiating party is the buyer. A convenient customer is the once who is less sensitive to brand and try to minimize effort on evaluation. The convenience customers are time sensitive, thus prefer saving on time. The Americans fit the convenience customer definition through its individualistic nature. Americans are more interested in satisfying personal needs rather than focusing on societal beliefs and culture, therefore the American consumers are known to make decisions free of societal influence. On the other hand, the value customers are conscious of both value and prices of products. They, the value customers, would want to get the best quality at the lowest possible cost thus maximizing on value. For the Vietnamese, they believe in collective communal responsibility for individuals. The people in Vietnam are aware of the general prices of products and qualities, thus are more brands sensitive. The Easterners prefer having to negotiate for lower prices but at the same time maintaining good quality of the product. The individual behavior has affected the way trader price their goods. Traders in the east are aware of the bargaining nature of most of the customers thus have priced their products to allow for bargaining. The Far East is characterized with high power distance (Van 2009). This means that the gap between those having powers, and those not in powers is big and visible. The inequality in power is reflected in the high income disparity

Summary of Health Articles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Summary of Health Articles - Essay Example Most of the women, especially those above the age of 75 were found to be dependent in more than one way. Singapore has the fastest growing elderly population in Asia and it is estimated to triple over the next twenty years. This rapidly aging region of the world is estimated to spend 11% of its Gross Domestic Product on solely health related costs. The major concern that warrants this study is the increasingly high cost of looking after the elderly. In The Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging, a study was performed to evaluate the quality of exercise prevalent in low income communities. This was done through having subjects perform 6 minute walk tests, checking their blood pressure, and analyzing the activities in their daily lives (ADL). The upper body strength of most individuals, as well as their estimated body fat at the beginning of the project, was not affected, but their blood pressure did tend to decrease. There was also a dramatic increase in lower body strength of these individuals. The results can be expected from a younger group of individuals, but part of its sociological value stems from its use on the elderly.

Boston Artwork Essay Example for Free

Boston Artwork Essay The public artworks that I chose are Asaroton 1976 (Unswept Floor) and Boston’s Famed Rainbow Tank. The similarities of these artworks are that they are both available in public view and that they are unique types of artwork. There is not much like the Rainbow Tank or the Asaroton ’76 types, as they were original ideas of the artists. Considering the effect that they have on people, both artworks seem to blend in the everyday life of those who see it in a regular basis. The Asaroton is being walked around and stepped around, while the Rainbow Tank contains liquefied natural gas. It’s as if the artwork has naturally been there, a part of everyone’s ordinary lives despite the fact they are extraordinary creations (Millis, 1997). The Asaroton ’76 is an artwork like no other, as it is composed of bronze replicas of everyday waste and debris of the market, which is then embedded in concrete. At first glance, the artwork just seems to be a deformity or an abnormality in the road (Harries/Heder Public Art, 2006). But if you look at it closely, you will see the intricate details and designs embossed on the concrete walkway. In relation to this, it is situated in a segment of the street which forms a major crosswalk. Many people pass it or walk over it everyday, but they don’t seem to mind. To them, the artwork is already a part of their everyday lives. Boston’s Famed Rainbow Tank is actually a gigantic tank of liquefied natural gas which was painted with five huge swaths of color, artistically placed as though they’re just strokes of a paintbrush (NPR, 2001). The colors are yellow, orange, blue, vermillion, and purple. With the way the tank is painted, it’s as if it was just a large canvas for an abstract artwork. The stripes actually doesn’t resemble anything, but according to those who gaze at this gigantic work of art, they see faces of prominent personalities, whether they’re our friends or foes (images of Ho Chi Minh, Fred Flintstone, Saddam Hussein). The Asaroton ’76 is situated in the busy, open air produce market on Blackstone Street. The place it is embedded is a part of a major crosswalk, so you can just imagine how many people walk over it or pass it during the course of the day. Heavy motor traffic is also present during the day, so we can say that this artwork is not something that we keep in museums or galleries, as it is best appreciated in public. Boston’s Rainbow Tank is situated somewhere along Boston’s waterfront, the industrial part of the area. The rainbow tank is such a massive structure that many people can see it without having to get close to it. There were restaurants just around the area, and the rainbow tank has been a common view for the urban dwellers. The tank holds a good spot in everyone’s heart, as it was made originally as a sign of peace, and now it remains a masterpiece unique from any other artworks. The effectiveness of Asaroton ’76 in conveying an artistic message is incomparable, as it artfully depicts some of the common things that we see everyday. It immortalizes the debris of everyday life, which seem to reflect back to us, how we oftentimes don’t recognize these stuff as artistic or as anything valuable. With the Asaroton, we are able to see how these things, no matter what they are, can be a very good subject for a wonderful work of art. It’s main difference with the Rainbow Tank is obviously the size, and also the feeling it conveys, as it serves as a reminder of the things we usually neglect or ignore, as for the Rainbow Tank, it is a sign of peace, that’s why it conveys a feeling of happiness to the viewers. The Rainbow Tank is effective in its purpose of spreading peace, as it conveys a feeling of peacefulness and childish joy, despite the size of the structure. People who look at it tend to smile, even without a reason. Its mere presence in the area brings and assurance of peace for the people, though in reality, it could easily be a target of terrorism, with all the natural gas it contains. References: Harries/Heder Public Art. (2006). Asaroton 1976 (Unswept Floor). Retrieved June 9, 2008, from http://www. harriesheder. com/asaroton. htm Millis, C. (1997). An opinionated, irreverent look at Bostons public art. Retrieved June 9, 2008, from http://www. bostonphoenix. com/archive/art/97/08/21/PUBLIC_ART. html NPR. (2001). Bostons Famed Rainbow Tank Inspires Admiration, Scorn. Retrieved June 9, 2008, from http://www. npr. org/news/specials/response/home_front/features/2001/nov/rainbowtank/011105. rainbowtank. html

Examining Matrices Of Relation

Examining Matrices Of Relation History of matrix had to be going back to the ancient times, because it is not applied until 1850. Matrix is the Latin word for womb, and is same in English. It can also mean something is formed or produced. Matrix was introdeced by James Joseph Sylvester,who have brief career at the University of Virginia, which came to an abrupt end after an enraged Sylvester, hit a newspaper-reading student with a sword stick and fled the country, believing he had killed the student! An important Chinese text from between 300 BC and AD 200, Nine Chapters of the Mathematical Art (Chiu Chang Suan Shu), gives the use in matrix method to solve simultaneous equations. And this is origins of matrix. Too much and not enough, is the concept of a determinant first appears in the treatises seventh chapter. These concepts is invented nearly two millennia before Japanese mathematician Seki Kowa in 1683 or his German contemporary Gottfried Leibnitz (who is also credited with the invention of differential calculus, separately from but simultaneously with Isaac Newton) found it and use it widely. In chapter eight Methods of rectangular arrays, using a counting board that is mathematically identical to the modern matrix method of solution to solve the simultaneous equation is more widely use. This is also called Gaussian elimination outlined by Carl Friedrich Gauss (1777-1855). Matrices has its important in ancient China and today it is not only solve simultaneous equation, but also for designing the computer games graphics, describing the quantum mechanics of atomic structure, analysing relationships, and even plotting complicated dance steps! Background of Matrices More and larger with amount of numerical data, measurements of one form or another gathered from their lab is confronting the scientists. However the mere collecting and recording data have been collected, data must analyze and interpreted. And here, matrix algebra is useful in both simplifying and promoting much development of many analysis methods but also in organizing computer techniques to execute those methods and present its results. Definition An M x N matrix is a rectangular array of members having m rows and n columns. The number comprising the array are called element of the matrix. The numbers m and n are called dimensions of the matrix. The set of all m x n matrices is denoted by Rm x n. We shall ordinarily denote a matrix by an upper case Latin or Greek letter, whenever possible, an element of a matrix will be denoted by the corresponding lower case Greek letter with two subscripts, the first specifying the row that contains the element and the second the column. ( ) ( ) Thus the 3 x 3 matrix has the form: A3x3 ( ) The matrix is read as A with r rows and c columns has order r x c (read as r by c) or Ar x c And 4 x 3 matrix has the form: ( ) In some applications, notably those involving partitioned matrices, considerable notational simplification can achieved by permitting matrices with one or both its dimensions zero. Such matrices will be said to be void. Row and column matrix The n x 1 matrix A has the form Such matrix is called a column vector which has a single column only, which looks exactly like a member of Rn. We shall not distinguish between n x 1 matrices and n-vectors; they will de denoted by upper or lower case Latin letters as convenience dictates. Example: the 1 x n matrix R has the form R= (à Ã‚ 11, à Ã‚ 12, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ , à Ã‚ 1n). R= (5, 6, 7, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ ,n) Such a matrix will be called a row vector. A well-organized notation is that of denoting matrices by uppercase letters and their elements by the lowercase counterparts with appropriate subscripts. Vectors are denoted by lowercase letters, often from the end of the alphabet, using the prime superscript to distinguish a row vector from a column vector. Thus A is a column vector and R is a row vector, ÃŽÂ » is use for scalar whereby scalar represent a single number such as 2,-4 Equal matrices For two matrices to be equal, every single element in the first matrix must be equal to the corresponding element in the other matrix. So these two matrices are equal: = But these two are not: Of course this means that if two matrices are equal, then they must have the same numbers of rows and columns as each other. So a 33 matrix could never be equal to a 24 matrix, for instance. Also remember that each element must be equal to that element in the other matrix, so its no good if all the values are there but in different places: Combining the ideas of subtraction and equality leads to the definition of zero matrix algebra. For when A=B , then aij =bij And so A B = { aij bij} = { 0 }=0 Which mean in matrix are Square Matrix A square matrix is a matrix which has the same number of rows and columns. An m x n matrix A is said to be a square matrix if m = n Example: number of rows = number of columns. *provided no ambiguity In the sequel the dimensions and properties of a matrix will often be determined by context. As an example of this, the statement that A is of order n carries the implication that A is square. An n-by-n matrix is known as a square matrix of order n. Any two square matrices of the same order can be added and multiplied. A square matrix A is called invertible or non-singular if there exists a matrix B such that AB = I This is equivalent to BA = I Moreover, if B exists, it is unique and is called the inverse matrix of A, denoted Aà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢1. The entries Ai,i form the main diagonal of a matrix. The trace, TR(A) of a square matrix A is the sum of its diagonal entries. While, as mentioned above, matrix multiplication is not commutative, the trace of the product of two matrices is independent of the order of the factors: TR (AB) = TR (BA). Also, the trace of a matrix is equal to that of its transpose, i.e. TR(A) = TR(AT). If all entries outside the main diagonal are zero, A is called a diagonal matrix. If only all entries above (below) the main diagonal are zero, A is called a lower triangular matrix (upper triangular matrix, respectively). For example, if n = 3, they look like (Diagonal), (lower) and (upper triangular matrix). Properties of Square Matrix à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Any two square matrices of the same order can be added. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Any two square matrices of the same order can be multiplied. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ A square matrix A is called invertible or non-singular if there exists a matrix B such that AB = In. Examples for Square Matrix For example: A = is a square matrix of order 3 ÃÆ'- 3. Relations of matrices If R is a relation from X to Y and x1, . . . , xm is an ordering of the elements of X and y1, . . . , yn is an ordering of the elements of Y , the matrix A of R is obtained by defining Aij = 1 if xi R yj and 0 otherwise. Note that the matrix of R depends on the orderings of X and Y. Example: The matrix of the relation R = {(1, a), (3, c), (5, d), (1, b)} From X = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} to Y = {a, b, c, d, e} relative to the orderings 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and a, b, c, d, e is Example: We see from the matrix in the first example that the elements (1, a), (3, c), (5, d), (1, b) are in the relation because those entries in the matrix are 1. We also see that the domain is {1, 3, 5} because those rows contain at least one 1, and the range is {a, b, c, d} because those columns contain at least one. Symmetric and anti-symmetric Let R be a relation on a set X, let x1, . . . , xn be an ordering of X, and let A be the matrix of R where the ordering x1, . . . , xn is used for both the rows and columns. Then R is reflexive if and only if the main diagonal of A consists of all 1s (i.e., Aii = 1 for all i). R is symmetric if and only if A is symmetric (i.e., Aij = Aji for all i and j). R is anti-symmetric if and only if for all i = j, Aij and Aji are not both equal to 1. R is transitive if and only if whenever A2 ij is nonzero, Aij is also nonzero. Example: The matrix of the relation R = {(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (2, 2), (2, 3), (3, 3), (4, 3)} on {1, 2, 3, 4} relative to the ordering 1, 2, 3, 4 is A = We see that R is not reflexive because As main diagonal contains a 0. R is not symmetric because A is not symmetric; for example, A12 = 1, but A21 = 0. R is anti-symmetric because for all i = j, Aij and Aji are not both equal to 1. Reflexive Matrices In functional analysis, reflexive operator is an operator that has enough invariant subspaces to characterize it. The matrices that obey the reflexive rules also called ref matrices. A relation is reflexive if and only if it contains (x,x) for all x in the base set. Nest algebras are examples of reflexive matrices. In dimensions or spaces of matrices, finite dimensions are the matrices of a given size whose nonzero entries lie in an upper-triangular pattern. This 2 by 2 matrices is NOT a reflexive matrices The matrix of the relation which is reflexive is R={(a, a),(b,b),(c,c),(d,d),(b,c),(c,b)}on {a,b,c,d}, relative to the ordering a,b,c,d is Or In generally reflexive matrices are in the case if and only if it contains (x,x) for all x in the base set. Transitive Matrices When we talk about transitive matrices, we have to compare the A(matrix) to the A2(matrix). Whenever the element in the A is nonzero then the element in theA2 have to be nonzero or vice versa to show that the matrices is transitive. For examples of transitive matrices: Then the A2 is Now we can have a look where all the element aij in A and A2 is either both nonzero or both are zero. Another example: Conclusion In conclusion, the matrix we are discussed previous is useful and powerful in the mathematical analysis and collecting data. Besides the simultaneous equations, the characteristic of the matrices are useful in the programming where we putting in array that is a matrix also to store the data. Lastly, the matrices are playing very important role in the computer science and applied mathematics. So we can manage well of matrix, then we can play easy in computer science but the matrix is not easy to understand whereby these few pages of discussion and characteristic just a minor part of matrix. With this mini project, we know more about matrix and if we need to know all about how it uses in the computer science subject, I personally think that it will be difficult as it can be very complicated.

Women in Art Essay -- Arts Females Gender Artistic Painting Essays

Women in Art Throughout history many artistic works have been deemed "great" and many individuals have been labeled "masters" of the discipline. The question of who creates art and how is it to be classified as great or greater than another has commonly been addressed by scholars and historians. The last quarter of the 20th century has reexamined these questions based on the assertions that no women artists have ever created or been appreciated to the level of "greatness" that perpetually befalls their male counterparts. The position that society has institutionalized on women as unable to be anything but subordinate and unexpressive is a major contributor to this claim. Giving a brief history of gender discrimination in the art field, examining different theories in regard to why women have been excluded from art history throughout the ages, and finally, discussing the contributions and progress that women artists and historians have achieved in the past two decades, will help to better under stand the complexity and significance of women artists. The early years of the 1990's mark the 20th anniversary of the women's movement in art. The exact date of the movement can not be ascertained due to the fact that there was such an immense number of things happening for the Women's Liberation movement at that time. Nevertheless, the achievements of the 1970's women's art movement were enormous and it is one of the most influential movements of that decade. Twenty years later, the struggle for representation in the arts continues. In 1990, a U.S. study was conducted on Gender Discrimination in the Artfield. The results are as follows: 50.7% of all visual artists are female and women hold 53.1% of the degrees in art,... ...Feminist Art. Harry N. Abrams, Inc, 1994. Chadwick, Whitney. Women, Art, and Society (revised edition). Thames and Hudson Inc., 1996. Freud, Sigmund. "Femininity." Feminist Frameworks. Ed. Jaggar and Rothenberd. McGraw-Hill, 1978. 91-98. Morse, Marcia. "Feminist Aesthetics and the Spectrum of Gender." Philosophy East & West 42(April 1992) 287-289. Nochlin, Linda. "Why Have There Been No Great Women Artists?" (1971). In Women, Art, and Power, and Other Essays. Harper & Row, 1988. Portwood, Pamela. "Feminist Views; Schapiro helps female artists shed their cloaks of anonymity." The Arizona Daily Star. 19 Feb, 1999. Starlight 6E. Strawter, Lisa Marie. "Facts About Women in the Arts: Women Artists Archive" [Online] Available. http://libweb.sonoma.edu/special/waa/, (accessed April 19, 1999).

Living Under The Threat Of Nuclear War Essay

For me living under the danger of atomic war would have been terrible for me and my loved ones. Living in trepidation ordinary realizing that at any minute a nation could drop an atomic bomb on me and my family and obliterate us is an extremely terrifying thought. To live under risk of an atomic war is to have the acknowledgment that your fate and your family predetermination is in the hands of a nation that your nation may be conflicting with. It is the acknowledgment that you might not have control over what is going to happen tomorrow. The danger of atomic war and the risk of terrorism have a few likenesses and contrasts. The similitudes would be that somebody could end your life or your family existence without you knowing when and where. Both atomic war and terrorism has the danger of hurting blameless regular citizens who in all likelihood don’t have anything to do with the clash that is going on. The distinctions would be the danger of an atomic war could just originate from an alternate nation. Nowadays the danger of terrorism to me is a significantly all the more true and present threat. Today anybody can be a terrorist. Today anybody can assemble a bomb in their storm cellar with the assistance of the web. This man made bomb that can without much of a stretch be amassed is then taken into your nearby shopping center or at an exceptionally open spot like we saw in the Boston Marathon Bombings. There is no face to terrorism nowadays and he or she needs to take safety measures and be mindful of their surroundings. All in all both atomic war and terrorism strikes fear in the hearts of everybody. Both are intended to wreak devastation and will execute numerous blameless individuals who have nothing to do with the clash. I feel both are unsuitable approaches to settle an issue on the grounds that by what means can the issue be altered  with more gore. We need to discover an alternate approach to determination issues as a nation and as individuals.

Serving as One

There are five different options to choose from when deciding to serve the United States of America and the decision can be quite challenging when signing the dotted line. Most people will base their decision off family or friend affiliation with a particular branch, thorough research, or simply because a branch would get them into basic training sooner. Due to a personal experience deploying with the Army as an Air Force member and seeing first-hand how each branch operates was an eye opening experience. There are a variety of options and all five branches are ultimately serving as one; the United States Air Force and the United States Army are two very different branches, but also have key similarities. One obvious contrasting factor between the Air Force and the Army is that the two branches wear different uniforms. In the Army, members will wear a uniform known as the Army Combat Uniform, but in the Air Force members will wear a uniform called the Airman Battle Uniform. Although these branches wear different uniforms individuals are required to meet the same dress and appearance standards. For example, members from both branches are required to keep a sharp appearance such as the men having a high and tight hair cut not to exceed one and a half inches in bulk; females are required to wear their hair in a neat bun, not to exceed three inches in bulk, and their hair should not touch their collar. These branches wear different uniforms, but it is guaranteed that the local community will still ask airmen when they joined the Army. The Air Force is more commonly known as the United States' air power while the Army is known for its ground power when at war. These are based on factual statements, but the Army does in fact have a fleet of helicopters which assists them more closely to the ground; people are familiar with the Black Hawk or Apache. In the same instance, the Air Force is known for its' fighter jets and bombers, but also have tactical ground fighting units known as TACP and Security Forces. The Air Force's primary mission is to fly, fight, and win†¦ n air, space, and cyberspace. On the other hand, the Army’s mission is to fight and win our nation’s wars by providing prompt, sustained land dominance across the full range of military operations and spectrum of conflict in support of combatant commanders. Clearly these two branches have different mission statements, but in the end, they are equally attempting to accomplish the same mission, which is to win at war. The Army and Air Forc e both deploy to locations overseas to mainly support Operation Enduring Freedom based in Afghanistan. Depending on the tempo of the mission, a normal deployment for the Army would be nine months, but the Air Force will deploy for six months. When transitioning to an overseas location Army personnel will deploy as a battalion, sometimes even as much as a brigade, which is equivalent to the Air Force's squadron. The difference is that Air Force personnel will deploy as individuals rather than a squadron which is a much easier process. On the other hand, members from each branch can be tasked as one which is known as a joint tasking. Air Force personnel can be tasked to deploy with the Army; medics from the Air Force can be tasked to the Army and become combat medics after completing the necessary training. When tasked for a joint deployment, the member is required to follow the same standards as that particular branch. Individuals may of truly desired to join a specific branch, but do not be shocked seeing branches tasked to deploy as one! Citizens should understand the variances and resemblances amongst branches of the military, and also have a solid understanding that personnel from each branch have made a sacrifice to serve in the military. Altogether branches of the United States are unique; no branch is superior over the other which seems to be a popular argument when members are in the same room together. There are countless topics that could have been discussed about the particular subject, but the articles mentioned seem to stick out to society. It truly is one military serving the beautiful United States of America. In the end, both branches have their own way of getting the job done, but as discussed they share obvious similarities.

Request for Proposal (Rfp) Essay

Executive Summary The purpose of this report was to find information about RFP in order to successfully implement Supply Chain Management software. The main source for all this information was the internet. Each of the RFP sources have an assortment of advantages and disadvantages. However, after analyzing each of them carefully, I came to the conclusion that the first and second option together would be the best choice to use since we are doing this for the first time. This decision would initially be costly but would reduce the expenses in the future. It would also be efficient because it would allow us to eliminate inferior vendors, which in turn would facilitate us in implementing the appropriate SCM software. Additionally, it would reduce project costs and formalize our problems and opportunities. All in all, after extensive research and analysis, I would say that this is the best decision for us to undertake. Table of Contents 1.Executive Summary 2.Summary of Research 3.Review of the source 4.Recommendation 5.References Summary of Research Outline 1.Internet searching †¢Websites that provided information about Supply Chain Management (SCM) and Request For Proposal (RFP) 2.Analyzed and evaluated the information and source 3.Selected a few reliable sources 4.Read selected information 5.Chose three sources 6.Analyzed the sources 7.Summarized each of them Resources used The main resource used was the internet. The following resources were utilized: Priority Integrated Marketing, Technology Evaluation Centers website. Finding as much information about the subject as possible in order to read and compare was important. Comparison of the information allowed me to determine the description of RFP and decide which information could be useful. In order to confirm the resources were reliable, a criterion of whether the website belonged to a professional company had to be met. Additionally, most of the resources gave general descriptions, but only those that could be useful were selected. A thorough read of all the information provided in order to isolate the most important aspects had to be undertaken. Review of the source RFP # 1 Source: Priority Integrated Marketing Title: â€Å"How to Write a Request for Proposal (RFP)† ProsCons †¢Explained the purpose of RFP †¢Listed the common elements of RFP †¢Described type of writing (language) that should be used †¢Emphasized the most important element of RFP †¢Provided RFP template †¢Described RFP process steps †¢Elements description is too vague †¢Template is general †¢RFP real example not included RFP # 2 Source: Technology Evaluation Centers Title: â€Å"Supply Chain Management (SCM) RFP Template† ProsCons †¢RFP Template for concrete purpose such as SCM †¢Listed SCM functions †¢A free sample in Excel included †¢Possibility to order appropriate template †¢Ordered template developed by the professionals †¢Template delivered as Excel spreadsheet †¢Purpose of RFP is not explained †¢Described RFP generally †¢Free sample is for transportation service †¢Ordered template is not free RFP # 3 Source: Internet Title: â€Å"ABC of RFP: how to develop an effective request for hazardous waste management services† ProsCons †¢Describes the importance and purpose of RFP †¢Process divided in stages †¢Explanation of every stage †¢Summary of key consideration at the end of stage A and B †¢RFP for the waste service †¢Some points not relevant †¢RFP for longer term cooperation †¢Template is not included Recommendation As was mentioned in one of the sources, RFP is time consuming. However, a good RFP could be beneficial for the company especially if the correct SCM software had to be chosen. Since this is the first time we are using RFP, we should use a combination of both option 1 and option 2. The first option explained the purpose and intention of RFP. It explains all the elements that need to be included in RFP, with brief descriptions accompanying each of them, and emphasizes the most important element. Also, it describes all the steps that should be taken into consideration. In addition, the first one included a request for proposal template which would give us an idea of how it is supposed to look like. The second option is a typical Supply Chain Management (SCM) RFP template which could be useful in our current situation. It lists the features and functions, and serves as a knowledge foundation reference throughout the entire time of our SCM software project utilization. Furthermore, the se cond option provides a free sample in Excel that we can use in order to prepare our RFP. Moreover, it also gives the option for ordering the appropriate RFP for our current situation which we can take into consideration because it is our first time using RFP. Although, it could be costly, a good RFP would eliminate inferior vendors and help use implement correct SCM software, which would be beneficial towards, and reduce future expenses. References †¢ How to Write a Request for Proposal (RFP). (n.d.). Minneapolis Web Design. Retrieved September 20, 2012, from http://www.netdynasty.com/articles/how-to-write-a-request-for-proposal.asp †¢ Supply Chain Management (SCM) RFP Template. (n.d.). Free RFP Template Samples. Retrieved September 20, 2012, from http://rfp.technologyevaluation.com/store.asp?catid=5&productid=879

The Treaty On The Functioning Of The European Union Essay

The Treaty On The Functioning Of The European Union - Essay Example It also explains article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union briefly. Two cases that relate to article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union have been selected for comparison in this paper. One case is related to pharmaceutical industry while other is related to the use of the internet. The cases have been selected from different sectors to present a better understanding of the course. The cases selected in the paper have been decided by the Commission and reached the European Courts and the decisions of the cases have been made by the respective courts. The cases selected are not very old or rather they are recent cases. The facts and decisions of both the cases are presented separately and the decisions of both the cases are analyzed considering their significance, the implications of the decision including academic and political opinion on the case. Formerly Article 101 and Article 102 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Uni on (TFEU) were Article 1 and Article 82 of the EC Treaty respectively before the enforcement of the Lisbon Treaty in December 2009. Before the Lisbon treaty the General Court was also called the Court of First Instance (CFI). Background information relating to competition policy Competition  is necessary for any market as it is the basic mechanism of any economy encouraging businesses to offer their products and services to consumers on favorable terms. It is also essential to improve efficiency, to encourage innovation and to reduce prices. The competition can only be effective if companies act independently under the competitive pressure which is exerted by other companies. According to the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union there are two central rules which are the foundation of the European antitrust policy: First,  the Article 101 of the Treaty prohibits any agreement between two or more independent companies which restricts competition. This provision of the A rticle 101 is applicable to both horizontal  agreements (between competitors which operate at same level of the supply chain) and vertical agreements (between companies which operate at different levels, i.e. agreement between a producer and its dealer). There are only a few limited exceptions from the provisions of the Article 101. The most reprehensible example which infringes Article 101 is the introduction of a ‘cartel’ which an illegal conduct involving price-fixing or / and market sharing. Second,  the Article 102 of the treaty prohibits  companies from holding and abusing its dominant position on a particular market. The most infringing examples are by charging inappropriate prices, by reducing the amount of production, or by not innovating as per the prejudice of the customers (Cseres, 2010). The Treaty has empowered the Commission for applying these rules of prohibition and investigating the violations of the rules of prohibition. The commission is given a number of powers to investigate those ends by inspecting their premises, both business and non-business and writing for seeking information from them. It is also empowered for imposing penalties on businesses violating the antitrust rules of the European Union. The main rules and the procedures of applying the rules of Articles 101 and 102 of TEFU are described in Council Regulation (EC) 1/2003. The National Competition Authorities (NCA) were given authorities and powers to apply Articles 101 and 102 of the Treaty in May 2004 so that the distortion or restriction of competition can be ensured. The Treaty also provides individual rights to citizen which are

Marketing Strategies on Innocent Smoothies Article

Marketing Strategies on Innocent Smoothies - Article Example The formula and process used in making the product made the company instantly gain its own identity from other similar products. As a result of the company’s unique marketing strategy, the London-based drinks company was able to double its profit annually. (BBC News, 2007) For the purpose of this study, the researcher will concentrate on examining the marketing techniques used by the company upon positioning its product line in the market. To enable the researcher to understand how the company was able to increase the expected company’s profit up to  £100 million in 2007 (Innocent, 2008b), the researcher will analyze Innocent’s market segmentation strategy by analyzing the personal comments made by the key stakeholders, the customers, suppliers and investors in terms of being able to establish a strong brand name in the marketplace within a short span of nine (9) years. Innocent Drinks has been producing Innocent smoothies made from the fine recipe for all ages. Among the common smoothie flavours offered by Innocent Drinks include: the combination of: (1) cranberries & raspberries; (2) strawberries & bananas; (3) blackberries, raspberries & boysenberries; (4) oranges, bananas & pineapples; (5) mangoes & passion fruit; and (6) pineapples, bananas & coconuts. (Innocent, 2008c) In order to maintain the product-life-cycle of Innocent smoothies, the company continuously produce different new recipes to be sold to the public under ‘Our Smoothie of the Month’ or ‘Seasonal Smoothie’. (Innocent, 2008c, 2008 f) In line with this matter, Innocent Drinks started by selling only 3 different receivers in 1999 and ended up with 30 different recipes in 2007. (Innocent, 2008b) Basically, it is necessary for Innocent Drinks to introduce new flavors regularly in order to maintain and capture a bigger share in the local market even before the company reaches the maturity stage.